Test Bank Psychology and Life, Discovering Psychology Edition (with MyLab Psychology ), 18th Edition

Psychology and Life, Discovering Psychology Edition (with MyLab Psychology ), 18th Edition

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents:

1. PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE

WHAT MAKES PSYCHOLOGY UNIQUE?

Definitions

The Goals of Psychology

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: CAN PSYCHOLOGY HELP FIND ME A CAREER?

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology’s Historical Foundations

Current Psychological Perspectives

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: WHY DO FRIENDSHIPS END?

WHAT PSYCHOLOGISTS DO

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

Study Strategies

Study Techniques

Special Features

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

2. RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY

THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH

Observer Biases and Operational Definitions

Experimental Methods: Alternative Explanations and the Need for Controls

Correlational Methods

Subliminal Influence?

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: CAN SURVEY RESEARCH AFFECT YOUR ATTITUDES?

PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT

Achieving Reliability and Validity

Self-Report Measures

Behavioral Measures and Observations

ETHICAL ISSUES IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL RESEARCH

Informed Consent

Risk/Gain Assessment

Intentional Deception

Debriefing

Issues in Animal Research

BECOMING A WISER RESEARCH CONSUMER

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: HOW CAN YOU EVALUATE PSYCHOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON THE WEB?

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

STATISTICAL SUPPLEMENT

UNDERSTANDING STATISTICS: ANALYZING DATA AND FORMING CONCLUSIONS

ANALYZING THE DATA

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

BECOMING A WISE CONSUMER OF STATISTICS

KEY TERMS

 

3. THE BIOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY BASES OF BEHAVIOR

HEREDITY AND BEHAVIOR

Evolution and Natural Selection

Variation in the Human Genotype

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ACTION

The Neuron

Action Potentials

Synaptic Transmission

Neurotransmitters and Their Functions

BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

Eavesdropping on the Brain

The Nervous System

Brain Structures and Their Functions

Hemispheric Lateralization

The Endocrine System

Plasticity and Neurogenesis: Our Changing Brains

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: WHAT DOES “IT’S GENETIC” MEAN?

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: WHY DOES MUSIC HAVE AN IMPACT ON HOW YOU FEEL?

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

4. SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

SENSING, ORGANIZING, IDENTIFYING, AND RECOGNIZING

The Proximal and Distal Stimuli

Reality, Ambiguity, and Illusions

SENSORY KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD

Psychophysics

From Physical Events to Mental Events

THE VISUAL SYSTEM

The Human Eye

The Pupil and the Lens

The Retina

Processes in the Brain

Seeing Color

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: CAN TECHNOLOGY RESTORE SIGHT?

HEARING

The Physics of Sound

Psychological Dimensions of Sound

The Physiology of Hearing

YOUR OTHER SENSES

Smell

Taste

Touch and Skin Senses

The Vestibular and Kinesthetic Senses

Pain

ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES IN PERCEPTION

Attentional Processes

Principles of Perceptual Grouping

Spatial and Temporal Integration

Motion Perception

Depth Perception

Perceptual Constancies

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: WHY IS EATING “HOT” FOOD PAINFUL?

IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION PROCESS

Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes

The Influence of Contexts and Expectations

Final Lessons

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

5. MIND, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND ALTERNATESTATES

THE CONTENTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Awareness and Consciousness

Studying the Contents of Consciousness

THE FUNCTIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

The Uses of Consciousness

Studying the Functions of Consciousness

SLEEP AND DREAMS

Circadian Rhythms

The Sleep Cycle

Why Sleep?

Sleep Disorders

Dreams: Theater of the Mind

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: DO YOU GET ENOUGH SLEEP?

ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Lucid Dreaming

Hypnosis

Meditation

Religious Ecstasy

MIND-ALTERING DRUGS

Dependence and Addiction

Varieties of Psychoactive Drugs

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: DOES ECSTASY HARM THE BRAIN?

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

6. LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

THE STUDY OF LEARNING

What Is Learning?

Behaviorism and Behavior Analysis

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: LEARNING PREDICTABLE SIGNALS

Pavlov’s Surprising Observation

Processes of Conditioning

Focus on Acquisition

Applications of Classical Conditioning

OPERANT CONDITIONING: LEARNING ABOUT CONSEQUENCES

The Law of Effect

Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Reinforcement Contingencies

Properties of Reinforcers

Schedules of Reinforcement

Shaping

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: HOW DOES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AFFECT CANCER TREATMENT?

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: TO SPANK OR NOT TO SPANK

BIOLOGY AND LEARNING

Instinctual Drift

Taste-Aversion Learning

COGNITIVE INFLUENCES ON LEARNING

Animal Cognition

Observational Learning

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

7. MEMORY

WHAT IS MEMORY?

Types of Memories

An Overview of Memory Processes

MEMORY USE FOR THE SHORT-TERM

Iconic Memory

Short-Term Memory

Working Memory

LONG-TERM MEMORY: ENCODING AND RETRIEVAL

Retrieval Cues

Context and Encoding

The Processes of Encoding and Retrieval

Why We Forget

Improving Memory for Unstructured Information

Metamemory

      CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: HOW CAN MEMORY RESEARCH HELP YOU PREPARE FOR EXAMS?

STRUCTURES IN LONG-TERM MEMORY

Memory Structures

Remembering as a Reconstructive Process

BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MEMORY

Searching for the Engram

Amnesia

Brain Imaging

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: WHY DOES ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

AFFECT MEMORY?

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

8. COGNITIVE PROCESSES

STUDYING COGNITION

Discovering the Processes of Mind

Mental Processes and Mental Resources

LANGUAGE USE

Language Production

Language Understanding

Language and Evolution

Language, Thought, and Culture

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: WHY AND HOW DO PEOPLE LIE?

VISUAL COGNITION

Using Visual Representations

Combining Verbal and Visual Representations

PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING

Problem Solving

Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING

Heuristics and Judgment

The Psychology of Decision Making

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: CAN POLITICAL EXPERTS PREDICT THE FUTURE?

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

9. INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT

WHAT IS ASSESSMENT?

History of Assessment

Basic Features of Formal Assessment

INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT

The Origins of Intelligence Testing

IQ Tests

Extremes of Intelligence

THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE

Psychometric Theories of Intelligence

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences and Emotional Intelligence

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: CAN YOU TRUST ASSESSMENT ON THE WEB?

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: DO THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE MATTER?

THE POLITICS OF INTELLIGENCE

The History of Group Comparisons

Heredity and IQ

Environments and IQ

Culture and the Validity of IQ Tests

CREATIVITY

Assessing Creativity and the Link to Intelligence

Extremes of Creativity

ASSESSMENT AND SOCIETY

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

10. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN

STUDYING DEVELOPMENT

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN

Prenatal and Childhood Development

Physical Development in Adolescence

Physical Changes in Adulthood

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN

Piaget’s Insights Into Mental Development

Contemporary Perspectives on Early Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development in Adulthood

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: WILL YOUR BRAIN WORK DIFFERENTLY AS YOU AGE?

ACQUIRING LANGUAGE

Perceiving Speech and Perceiving Words

Learning Word Meanings

Acquiring Grammar

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Social Development in Childhood

Social Development in Adolescence

Social Development in Adulthood

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: HOW DOES DAY CARE AFFECT CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT?

SEX AND GENDER DIFFERENCES

Sex Differences

Gender Identity and Gender Roles

MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

Gender and Cultural Perspectives on Moral Reasoning

LEARNING TO AGE SUCCESSFULLY

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

11. MOTIVATION

UNDERSTANDING MOTIVATION

Functions of Motivational Concepts

Sources of Motivation

A Hierarchy of Needs

EATING

The Physiology of Eating

The Psychology of Eating

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: HOW DOES GENETICS CONTRIBUTE TO OBESITY?

SEXUAL BEHAVIORS

Nonhuman Sexual Behaviors

Human Sexual Arousal and Response

The Evolution of Sexual Behaviors

Sexual Norms

Homosexuality

MOTIVATION FOR PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT

Need for Achievement

Attributions for Success and Failure

Work and Organizational Psychology

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: HOW DOES MOTIVATION AFFECT ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT?

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

12. EMOTION, STRESS, AND HEALTH

EMOTIONS

Basic Emotions and Culture

Theories of Emotion

Functions of Emotions

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE HAPPIER THAN OTHERS?

STRESS OF LIVING

Physiological Stress Reactions

Psychological Stress Reactions

Coping with Stress

Positive Effects of Stress

HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

The Biopsychosocial Model of Health

Health Promotion

Treatment

Personality and Health

Job Burnout and the Health-Care System

A Toast to Your Health

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: CAN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY HELP YOU BE A HEALTHY PERSON BY 2010?

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

13. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITY

TYPE AND TRAIT PERSONALITY THEORIES

Categorizing by Types

Describing with Traits

Traits and Heritability

Do Traits Predict Behaviors?

Evaluation of Type and Trait Theories

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES

Freudian Psychoanalysis

Evaluation of Freudian Theory

Extending Psychodynamic Theories

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE SHY?

HUMANISTIC THEORIES

Features of Humanistic Theories

Evaluation of Humanistic Theories

SOCIAL-LEARNING AND COGNITIVE THEORIES

Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality Theory

Bandura’s Cognitive Social-Learning Theory

Cantor’s Social Intelligence Theory

Evaluation of Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories

SELF THEORIES

Dynamic Aspects of Self-Concepts

Self-Esteem and Self-Presentation

The Cultural Construction of Self

Evaluation of Self Theories

COMPARING PERSONALITY THEORIES

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: WHO ARE YOU ON THE INTERNET?

ASSESSING PERSONALITY

Objective Tests

Projective Tests

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

 

14. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

THE NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

Deciding What Is Abnormal

The Problem of Objectivity

Classifying Psychological Disorders

The Etiology of Psychopathology

ANXIETY DISORDERS

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Panic Disorder

Phobias

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Causes of Anxiety Disorders

MOOD DISORDERS

Major Depressive Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

Causes of Mood Disorders

Gender Differences in Depression

Suicide

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: HOW CAN WE PINPOINT INTERACTIONS OF NATURE AND NURTURE?

PERSONALITY DISORDERS

Borderline Personality Disorder

Antisocial Personality Disorder

SOMATOFORM AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

Somatoform Disorders

Dissociative Disorders

SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS

Major Types of Schizophrenia

Causes of Schizophrenia

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: IS “INSANITY” REALLY A DEFENSE?

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Autistic Disorder

THE STIGMA OF MENTAL ILLNESS

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

15. THERAPIES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

THE THERAPEUTIC CONTEXT

Goals and Major Therapies

Therapists and Therapeutic Settings

Historical Perspectives on Institutional Treatment

PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES

Freudian Psychoanalysis

Later Psychodynamic Therapies

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: ARE LIVES HAUNTED BY REPRESSED MEMORIES?

BEHAVIOR THERAPIES

Counterconditioning

Contingency Management

Social-Learning Therapy

Generalization Techniques

COGNITIVE THERAPIES

Changing False Beliefs

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

HUMANISTIC THERAPIES

Client-Centered Therapy

Gestalt Therapy

GROUP THERAPIES

Couple and Family Therapy

Community Support Groups

BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES

Drug Therapy

Psychosurgery

EC and rTMS

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: DOES THERAPY AFFECT BRAIN ACTIVITY?

TREATMENT EVALUATION AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES

Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness

Prevention Strategies

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

16. SOCIAL COGNITION AND RELATIONSHIPS

CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL REALITY

The Origins of Attribution Theory

The Fundamental Attribution Error

Self-Serving Biases

Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Behaviors That Confirm Expectations

ATTITUDES, ATTITUDE CHANGE, AND ACTION

Attitudes and Behaviors

Processes of Persuasion

Persuasion by Your Own Actions

Compliance

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: DO LATE-NIGHT TV ADS REALLY WORK?

PREJUDICE

Origins of Prejudice

Effects of Stereotypes

Reversing Prejudice

SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

Liking

Loving

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: CAN LASTING RELATIONSHIPS FORM ON THE INTERNET?

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

 

17. SOCIAL PROCESSES, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE

THE POWER OF THE SITUATION

Roles and Rules

Social Norms

Conformity

Decision Making in Groups

Situational Power: Candid Camera Revelations

ALTRUISM AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR

The Roots of Altruism

Motives for Prosocial Behavior

The Effects of the Situation of Prosocial Behavior

CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE: HOW CAN YOU GET PEOPLE TO VOLUNTEER?

AGGRESSION

Evolutionary Perspectives

Individual Differences

Situational Influences

Cultural Constraints

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CONFLICT AND PEACE

Obedience to Authority

The Psychology of Genocide and War

Peace Psychology

A PERSONAL ENDNOTE

PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE: HOW MIGHT RECONCILIATION BE POSSIBLE?

RECAPPING MAIN POINTS

KEY TERMS

Psychology and Life, Discovering Psychology Edition (with MyLab Psychology ), 18th Edition PDF , test bank for Psychology and Life, Discovering Psychology Edition (with MyLab Psychology ), 18th Edition , Richard J. Gerrig, Stony Brook University Philip G. Zimbardo, Stanford University

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